Updated costs of children using Australian budget standards
Paul Henman
Social Policy Unit
School of Social Work and Applied Human Sciences
University of Queensland
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Australian costs of children research-an overview
2.1 General findings
2.2 The studies
2.3 The different approaches - 3. How estimates are calculated
3.1 Background research
3.2 How the research was updated - 4. Components of costs of children estimates
- 5. Costs of children
5.1 Costs of children in couple households
5.2 Costs of children in sole parent households
5.3 Costs of contact - Appendix
- Endnotes
- References
1. Introduction
This report presents the costs of raising children in Australia using the budget standards methodology. The work is based upon and extends earlier costs of children research. Key elements of the data are:
- Estimates of the costs of raising children are provided as average Australian costs, and as costs for each Australian capital city.
- Costs of raising children for adult couple households, sole parent households (with 100 per cent, 80 per cent and 50 per cent care of the child), and non-resident parents (with 80 per cent and 50 per cent care of the child).
Section 2 begins with an overview of Australian costs of children research, and the relative merits of the different methodological approaches to estimating these costs. Section 3 explains how cost estimates are calculated using the basket-of-goods or budget standards methodology. Section 4 discusses the main items of expenditure in each of the 10 components making up the costs of raising children. Section 5-the key section-covers the costs of children in couple households, sole parent households, and for non-resident parents exercising regular contact or shared care. Costs are presented as gross costs, that is, before receipt of relevant government benefits. They are also presented in annual dollar amounts (for the June quarter 2004) and as a percentage of household disposable and taxable incomes.
2. Australian costs of children research - an overview
2.1 General findings
There are no fixed or absolute costs of a child. The estimated costs of raising a child increase with household income, and generally decline with income level. Higher income households have greater living standards, which children share. Such households, for example, are more likely to pay for private education, buy brand name clothes and go on expensive holidays.
The costs of the first child are often greater than the costs for each subsequent child. This is due to economies of scale resulting from hand-me-downs and shared infrastructure (such as bedrooms and furniture). When there is a large number of children in a household, there can be diseconomies of scale due to the extra costs of upgrading to larger houses and cars (or second cars).
Estimates of the costs of a child generally increase with the age of the child. The main exception is when all-day child care is required for pre-school age children to enable the parent(s) to undertake employment.
Depending on the sensitivity of the method used, the costs of a child varies according to the situation of the household, such as geographical location and the working arrangements of the parent or parents.
2.2 The studies
During the last 20 years, there have been several studies on the costs of raising children in Australia. The major ones are Lovering (1984), Lee (1988), SPRC (1998), NATSEM (1999), Valenzuela (1999), Henman (2001), and AMP-NATSEM (2002). (See AIFS (2000) for a useful overview and summary.)
The results of earlier studies by Lovering (1984) and Lee (1988) were regularly updated using changes in prices and wages data and published by the Australian Institute of Family Studies in their magazine Family Matters. Due to new costs of children research, the Institute ceased updating these costs in 1999.
Recent studies by SPRC (1998) and NATSEM (1999) have recalculated costs of children from first principles using more up-to-date data and sophisticated methods. As such, they should be regarded as superseding earlier studies. Henman (2001) further extended and updated the research of SPRC (1998) to address the costs of children more explicitly and enhance the sensitivity of the research to specific cases. Results reported here are derived by updating and extending the results of Henman (2001) to the present.
2.3 The different approaches
Broadly, there are two approaches to measuring costs of children.
- Expenditure or behavioural based estimates. This approach uses survey data on the expenditure of Australian households to create mathematical models that relate household expenditure, household type and living standard levels. It is used by NATSEM (1999), AMP-NATSEM (2002), Valenzuela (1999), and Lee (1988), with the more recent studies using ABS survey data from 1993-94, with estimates updated. This approach estimates the costs of children, or the proportion of household expenditure spent on children, for households at different income levels.
The key strength of this approach is that the costs of children estimates are based on what people actually spend. However, this is also a weakness, particularly for low-income households, as it fails to estimate what community standards regard as necessary to spend on children. More importantly, due to the nature of the base data, the approach is not particularly sensitive to different household configurations, such as geographical location, labour market status of adults, and number and ages of children. - Basket-of-goods or budget standards estimates (also called normative based estimates). This approach identifies the basket of goods and services required by a household to achieve a specified standard of living. The basket is costed at current prices, with the costs of durable goods averaged over their lifetime (similar to depreciation). This approach measures what is needed to be spent on children to meet community standards, rather than what can be afforded.
This approach is used by: Lovering (1984), albeit in a partial manner; SPRC (1998); Henman (2001); and in this report. The Henman study is based on SPRC (1998) data, but provides greatly extended coverage of costs of children estimates updated to December 1998. Henman's research also provides the only costs of children estimates sensitive to geography, providing estimates for each capital city.
A key strength of this approach is its sensitivity to the circumstances and requirements of different household types, such as geographical location, the number of adults and their labour market status, the age and sex of children, whether a child has a disability, and housing tenure. Because estimates are based on a detailed list of goods and services, the assumptions are relatively transparent and therefore more readily open to debate and alteration. Since the approach is normative, it also overcomes distortions in measuring the costs of children due to the income constraint in low-income households. A weakness of this approach is that estimates technically relate to specific household types and are not immediately able to be generalised to provide an overall average. The approach also makes assumptions about what should be consumed by households, rather than measuring what is consumed.
This report adopts the budget standards method for calculating the costs of children.
3. How estimates are calculated
The estimates of the costs of raising a child are calculated using the most up-to-date and sophisticated method available. They update and extend the results published in Henman (2001) and Henman and Mitchell (2001) to account for changes in prices and government policy, most notably the new tax system introduced in July 2000.
3.1 Background research
The key features of this research are the same as those found in SPRC (1998), on which more recent work is heavily based.
Costs of children are estimated for two living standard levels:
- The modest but adequate which represents middle Australia. This level 'affords full opportunity to participate in contemporary Australian society and the basic options it offers. It is seen as lying between the standards of survival and decency and those of luxury … It attempts to describe the situation of a household whose living standards falls somewhere around the median standard of living experienced within the Australian community as a whole' (SPRC 1998, p. 63).
- The low cost which represents low-income households. Although this level allows for social and economic participation consistent with Australian community standards, it is a frugal level 'below which it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain an acceptable living standard because of the increased risk of deprivation and disadvantage' (SPRC 1998, p. 63).
The research involved identifying and costing more than 700 items of household goods and services required by each household type. The cost of household durables, such as furniture and white goods, were amortised over an assumed lifetime.
More than 50 household types were constructed by varying household composition (the number of adults and the number, age and sex of children), the employment status of adults and housing tenure. Only four types of children were used: a girl aged 3; a girl aged 6; a boy aged 10; and a boy aged 14. Estimates are calculated for households with up to five children.
A more detailed overview of the SPRC budget standards that form the basis of the calculations in this report are in Henman (1998).
The costs of children estimates are the difference between the budget standards for households with and without children. Estimates are calculated for each Australian capital city. When the costs of a child are not for the first child, they are the marginal costs of adding an additional child.
3.2 How the research was updated
The research in Henman (2001) and Henman and Mitchell (2001) was updated to June quarter 2004 using published and unpublished ABS data on changes in prices, specifically the CPI detailed items for each capital city (cat. no. 6401.0 and 6403.0, ABS, Canberra). Budget standards components were updated using the most compatible sub-components of the CPI (compared with Henman 2001).
Due to the complexity of measuring housing costs (see SPRC 1998), budget standards are only calculated for private renters. Costs of private rental have been obtained from the Real Estate of Institute of Australia (REIA 2004).
Updated Australia budget standards for each capital city are provided in Tables A1 to A16.
4. Components of costs of children estimates
Australian budget standards and the derived costs of children are calculated for 10 subcomponents: housing; energy; food; clothing and footwear; household goods and services; child care; health services; transport; leisure; and personal care. Below are some details of the elements that make up the costs of children for each sub-component.
Housing
Estimating the cost of housing is fraught with difficulty. This is due to the great variability of housing and because most of a mortgage is property investment and therefore a form of wealth. The approach used in this report follows the SPRC (1998, ch. 3) in using median private rents as a guide. Costs of the child are based on whether an additional bedroom is required, according to this housing standard: There are to be no more than two persons to a bedroom; children under five years may share a bedroom; children of the same sex may share a bedroom until reaching high school age, whereupon a separate bedroom for privacy and study is required.
Energy
This estimate represents the additional electrical and gas costs associated with an additional child. Calculations are based on a model of energy use based on household composition and house size.
Food
The cost of food for an additional child is based on the cost to feed a child a healthy diet. Only a modest amount of take away meals are included and no restaurant meals are included.
Clothing and footwear
The clothing and footwear estimate is based on the cost of a basic wardrobe of clothes, which includes school uniforms and an outfit for special occasions. The assumed lifetime of most items is one year.
Household goods and services
This estimate includes more than 400 items covering furniture, white goods, cutlery and crockery, linen, cleaning goods, and stationery. Costs are spread across an assumed lifetime. The lifetime of durable items is reduced with the presence of children on the assumption that children increase the wear and tear on such items. The costs of a child involve additional costs, such as a portable sound system for older children and a wardrobe, plus increased depreciation of durable goods. Costs for public school fees, equipment and excursions are also included. Private school fees are not included.
Child care
This estimate depends on parental employment status. When parents work full-time, children aged 0 to 4 years require long day care. Children aged 5 years attend long day care half time, and children of 6 to 12 years attend before and after school care and vacation care during school holidays. When one parent is not in the labour force and is primary carer, only a small amount of occasional care is required for preschool children for respite and so on. The assumption made in this report is detailed in Section 5. Child care costs are gross costs, that is, before government benefits are taken into account. The amount of benefits depends on household income.
Health
Health care costs for a child are based on a generally healthy child without specific health needs. They include annual dental trips, prescriptions and over-the-counter medications. Visits to the doctor are assumed to be bulk-billed (that is, free), and costs for specialists, orthodontists and opticians are not included. Health costs are out of pocket costs after receipt of government benefits provided through Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
Transport
Where necessary, this estimate includes the marginal cost of upgrading the family car to account for increased family size. Only depreciation costs are included. Petrol costs are included for additional trips made in dropping children to school and leisure activities. Child seats and booster seats are also included. There is no provision for air travel.
Leisure
This estimate is based on the cost of toys, books and other leisure and sporting goods averaged over assumed lifetimes. Video hire, a small amount of attendance at the cinema, zoos, and other leisure activities, and increased photographic usage are included. Costs for an annual week-long family holiday are also included in this item.
Personal care
This estimate includes basic personal care items such as a toothbrush and shampoo. There is provision for professional haircuts for older children.
For further information on the components of cost of children estimates in general, see Henman (1998, 2001) or SPRC (1998). The budget standards measure the direct monetary or expenditure costs of raising children. In addition to such costs are more indirect and non-monetary costs-namely lost opportunity costs and time costs. Also important are the impact of government benefits and services in reducing the direct costs for parents.
Lost opportunity cost
The lost opportunity cost of having a child is the cost of lost wages resulting from a parent leaving the workforce to care for their child. Apart from direct salary loss, it includes the considerable career costs resulting from an absence from the workforce, such as delayed promotions and salary increments. Apart from direct salary loss, Breusch and Gray (2004) estimate that in 2001 having one child reduces a woman's lifetime earnings by about 31 per cent, while the second child costs an additional 14 per cent and a third child an additional 9 per cent. Given that whether a parent leaves the workforce could be seen as a matter of personal choice, an alternative estimate of the cost of a child is the expenditure required to enable parents to remain in the workforce, namely the cost of child care. Lost opportunity costs are not considered in this report.
Time costs of care
When child care is provided by parents, child care has no monetary cost. However, there is a time cost associated with such 'gratuitous' care. This is because a parent(s) spends time caring for the child that they would have otherwise used on other activities. Research shows that this cost is usually considerable (see Craig 2002; Bradbury 2004). Time costs of care are not considered in this report.
Government benefits
The Australian Government provides cash benefits for households with children through the social security and taxation systems to assist in meeting the costs of raising children. Child care benefits are also available. These benefits are income tested. The public health system, Medicare, also provides considerable savings for medical costs. Since eligibility for, and receipt of, these benefits often depend on a household's income, it is not readily possible to estimate government benefits that ameliorate expenditure on children. For example, child care is presented in gross costs (before receipt of Child Care Benefit or the new Child Care Rebate). Also, rental costs are gross and before possible receipt of Rent Assistance. However, some items are presented as net costs. Doctor's fees are assumed to be free under bulk-billing provisions in Medicare, and pharmaceuticals are net of benefits from the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme.
5. Costs of children
This section covers the annual costs of raising a child estimated for each of Australian capital cities. These costs have been calculated for the June quarter 2004 by subtracting the budget standard for a couple-only household from a couple with child household. Costs are presented for two living standard levels (rather than income levels) and for a range of household types, by varying the age of the child and the labour force status of the primary carer.
5.1 Costs of children in couple households
Costs for the first child (or one child households)
Table 1 presents the costs of an only child (or first child) in couple households. It presents total gross costs-that is, expenditure on children prior to government payments. The table also presents the gross costs of child care, which is included in total costs. Costs are presented for each capital city and on a weighted capital city average.
Table 1 shows that the costs of children generally increase with age. At the low cost level, the cheapest child is a 3 year old, who costs, on average $4,910 per annum, whereas at the same living standard level, a 14 year old costs the most at $7,850 per annum.
| Household type | Sydney |
Melbourne |
Brisbane |
Adelaide |
Perth |
Hobart |
Darwin |
Canberra |
Weighted | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | |
| 3 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+3yo MBA | 16.40 | 11.53 | 19.55 | 12.87 | 17.75 | 10.95 | 15.43 | 9.83 | 17.01 | 11.13 | 18.12 | 11.94 | 17.44 | 10.72 | 19.90 | 12.63 | 17.62 | 12.63 |
| C(FP)+3yo MBA | Not calculated | |||||||||||||||||
| C(FN)+3yo MBA | 5.42 | 0.56 | 7.30 | 0.62 | 7.33 | 0.53 | 6.07 | 0.47 | 6.41 | 0.54 | 6.76 | 0.57 | 7.23 | 0.52 | 7.88 | 0.61 | 6.50 | 0.56 |
| C(FN)+3yo LC | 4.46 | 0.00 | 5.23 | 0.00 | 5.63 | 0.00 | 4.42 | 0.00 | 4.43 | 0.00 | 5.75 | 0.00 | 4.87 | 0.00 | 6.27 | 0.00 | 4.91 | 0.00 |
| 6 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+6yo MBA | 9.02 | 3.07 | 11.16 | 3.43 | 10.76 | 2.91 | 9.27 | 2.62 | 9.90 | 2.96 | 10.42 | 3.18 | 10.60 | 2.85 | 11.71 | 3.36 | 11.71 | 3.36 |
| C(FP)+6yo MBA | 6.51 | 0.56 | 8.36 | 0.62 | 8.37 | 0.53 | 7.13 | 0.47 | 7.48 | 0.54 | 7.82 | 0.58 | 8.26 | 0.52 | 8.96 | 0.61 | 7.57 | 0.56 |
| C(FN)+6yo MBA | 5.95 | 0.00 | 7.74 | 0.00 | 7.84 | 0.00 | 6.66 | 0.00 | 6.94 | 0.00 | 7.24 | 0.00 | 7.74 | 0.00 | 8.35 | 0.00 | 7.01 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+6yo LC | 5.59 | 0.00 | 6.34 | 0.00 | 6.71 | 0.00 | 5.53 | 0.00 | 5.54 | 0.00 | 6.87 | 0.00 | 5.96 | 0.00 | 7.38 | 0.00 | 6.02 | 0.00 |
| 10 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+10yo MBA | 10.42 | 3.07 | 12.53 | 3.43 | 12.10 | 2.91 | 10.64 | 2.62 | 11.27 | 2.96 | 11.27 | 2.96 | 11.79 | 3.18 | 11.99 | 2.85 | 13.10 | 3.36 |
| C(FP)+10yo MBA | 7.91 | 0.56 | 9.73 | 0.62 | 9.72 | 0.53 | 8.49 | 0.47 | 8.85 | 0.54 | 9.19 | 0.58 | 9.65 | 0.52 | 10.34 | 0.61 | 8.95 | 0.56 |
| C(FN)+10yo MBA | 7.35 | 0.00 | 9.11 | 0.00 | 9.19 | 0.00 | 8.02 | 0.00 | 8.31 | 0.00 | 8.61 | 0.00 | 9.13 | 0.00 | 9.73 | 0.00 | 8.38 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+10yo LC | 6.32 | 0.00 | 7.05 | 0.00 | 7.42 | 0.00 | 6.23 | 0.00 | 6.26 | 0.00 | 7.57 | 0.00 | 6.70 | 0.00 | 8.12 | 0.00 | 6.74 | 0.00 |
| 14 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+14yo MBA | 9.32 | 0.00 | 10.99 | 0.00 | 11.03 | 0.00 | 9.91 | 0.00 | 10.25 | 0.00 | 10.48 | 0.00 | 11.07 | 0.00 | 11.66 | 0.00 | 10.30 | 0.00 |
| C(FP)+14yo MBA | 9.32 | 0.00 | 10.99 | 0.00 | 11.03 | 0.00 | 9.91 | 0.00 | 10.25 | 0.00 | 10.48 | 0.00 | 11.07 | 0.00 | 11.66 | 0.00 | 10.30 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+14yo MBA | 9.32 | 0.00 | 10.99 | 0.00 | 11.03 | 0.00 | 9.91 | 0.00 | 10.25 | 0.00 | 10.48 | 0.00 | 11.07 | 0.00 | 11.66 | 0.00 | 10.30 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+14yo LC | 7.47 | 0.00 | 8.13 | 0.00 | 8.47 | 0.00 | 7.30 | 0.00 | 7.39 | 0.00 | 8.64 | 0.00 | 7.90 | 0.00 | 9.24 | 0.00 | 7.85 | 0.00 |
Although the costs of a child tend to rise with age, the labour force status of the primary carer has a big impact on the cost of a pre-school age child. When there is a full-time carer, this is the cheapest child to raise. However, when the primary carer is working full-time, the pre-school child becomes the most expensive child to raise. This is illustrated by comparing modest but adequate households, where it costs on average $17,620 per annum to raise the child when the mother works full-time, but only $6,500 per annum when the mother is a full-time carer.
Table 1 also shows variation between capital cities in the costs of a child. In particular, and somewhat surprisingly, Sydney is one of the cheapest cities in which to raise a child, whereas Melbourne and Canberra are often the most expensive cities. For example, the cost of raising a 10 year-old, low-cost child is $6,320 in Sydney, $7,050 in Melbourne, $8,120 in Canberra and $6,230 in Adelaide (the cheapest). These results are mainly due to the relative costs of child care and housing. In particular, although housing costs are most expensive for a household in Sydney, the marginal costs of housing in Sydney-that is, the difference in the cost of renting a one-bedroom or a two-bedroom unit-increases less than in most cities. This could be because there is a greater oversupply of units in Sydney than elsewhere, which results in less cost in upgrading dwelling size. This does not occur for larger households.
| Household type | Disposable income |
Taxable income | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With child care | No child care | With child care | No child care | |
| 3 year old | ||||
| C(FF)+3yo MBA | 35.8 | 12.1 | 38.5 | 13.1 |
| C(FP)+3yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | ||
| C(FN)+3yo MBA | 20.5 | 18.7 | 24.6 | 22.4 |
| C(FN)+3yo LC | 17.2 | 17.2 | 23.3 | 23.3 |
| 6 year old | ||||
| C(FF)+6yo MBA | 24.3 | 16.9 | 24.9 | 17.0 |
| C(FP)+6yo MBA | 18.9 | 17.5 | 18.4 | 17.0 |
| C(FN)+6yo MBA | 18.2 | 18.2 | 16.6 | 16.6 |
| C(FN)+6yo LC | 20.4 | 20.4 | 25.4 | 25.4 |
| 10 year old | ||||
| C(FF)+10yo MBA | 26.7 | 19.5 | 26.5 | 19.1 |
| C(FP)+10yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | ||
| C(FN)+10yo MBA | 21.0 | 21.0 | 18.7 | 18.7 |
| C(FN)+10yo LC | 22.2 | 22.2 | 27.5 | 27.5 |
| 14 year old | ||||
| C(FF)+14yo MBA | 24.6 | 24.6 | 23.9 | 23.9 |
| C(FP)+14yo MBA | 24.0 | 24.0 | 22.6 | 22.6 |
| C(FN)+14yo MBA | 24.6 | 24.6 | 22.0 | 22.0 |
| C(FN)+14yo LC | 25.0 | 25.0 | 31.7 | 31.7 |
| Average | 23.1 | 20.1 | 24.6 | 21.5 |
Table 2 presents the costs of raising children as a percentage of household disposable and taxable income.1 The percentages listed are obtained by averaging the weighted percentages for each capital city. To assess the effect and significance of child care costs, data are presented for total costs of children, that is, including child care costs, and without child care costs. Tables A17 to A24 detail the private income and government income support (along with government family benefits) required by parents to produce a disposable income equal to the household budget standard.
For example, Table 2 shows that the full costs of a 3 year old with both parents working full-time represent 35.8 per cent of the family's total expenditure (that is, disposable income) and 38.5 per cent of the family's taxable income. However, when child care costs are not considered, the costs of this child represent 12.1 per cent and 13.1 per cent of household disposable and taxable income respectively. Thus, child care costs are a significant component of this household budget, particularly because the child is in full-day care five days a week. Furthermore, as mentioned in Section 4, these child care costs are gross costs, that is, before receipt of the government Child Care Benefit and the new Child Care Rebate.
Looking at Table 2 as a whole, the average cost of the child across all ages, as a percentage of household income, is just over 20 per cent. The average ranges from 24.6 per cent of taxable income when child care is included, to 20.1 per cent of disposable income when child care is not included. Of the individual entries, the highest percentage is for the scenario of a 3 year old where both parents work full-time. This is due to child care costs. When child care costs are not considered, this same scenario represents the lowest percentage of household income.
Generally, the costs of a child as a percentage of household income increases as the child ages. This is evident when looking at the columns without child care. However, the impact of the labour force status of the primary carer and the need for child care creates a large variation in these costs, particularly for young children, and no variation for teenage children. Also, low cost households tend to spend a higher percentage of household income on children when compared to equivalent households at a modest but adequate income.
There are number of items to note in Table 2. First, in the example of a 3 year old where both parents work full-time, the costs of the child as a percentage of household disposable income is higher than the percentage of taxable income. This may seem counter-intuitive. Typically, a household's taxable income is higher than a household's disposable income as a result of taxation. Accordingly, the cost of a child as a percentage of disposable income is normally greater than the percentage of taxable income. However, given that this household type has a modest taxable income (of approximately $46,000 per annum), it is entitled to receive significant family-related non-taxable benefits (on average, approximately $10,0002). As a result, disposable income is greater than taxable income.
Second, in the example of the 14 year-old child (and for some situations, other aged children), excluding child care costs does not change the percentage. This is because in these household types, child care services are not purchased.
Another thing to note when analysing Table 2 is that household incomes are not the same, even for households with the same living standard. Although households may have the same living standard level, they have different needs depending on the age of the child and the labour force status of parents. Accordingly the amount of money they need to spend (that is, the budget standard) differs, and as a result, their private and household incomes required to meet these differing expenditure levels.
Costs for two or more children
Table 3 presents the costs of couple adult households in raising two or more children. Given the great range of combinations of children of different ages, the costs presented are only an example. When the primary carer is working full-time, varying the age of the children significantly impacts on estimated costs, due to the high costs of child care. Another important factor is housing costs. When two children share a bedroom, there is no additional housing cost for the second child. This is shown as the '2 children-minimum' examples in Table 3. However, when two children each require their own bedroom (due to age and gender)3, a home with an extra bedroom is required. This is illustrated in the '2 children-maximum' examples. Thus, the average cost of raising two children (ages 6 and 14) at the modest but adequate level when both parents work full-time ranges from $17,890 to $20,420 per annum.
Although the marginal cost of a second child is not presented here, it can be calculated by subtracting from the cost of the two children, the cost of either a 6 year old or a 14 year old (keeping the household labour force and living standard level constant). This gives a cost for a second child aged 14 and age 6 respectively. Unlike other research methods, the budget standards methodology cannot readily calculate an average cost of a second (or subsequent) child. This is because budget standards are defined for specific household types that account for the age of each child. Other methods average across all ages.
| Household type | Sydney |
Melbourne |
Brisbane |
Adelaide |
Perth |
Hobart |
Darwin |
Canberra |
Weighted | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | |
| 2 children (6 & 14 years old)-maximum | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+6&14yo MBA | 19.52 | 3.07 | 21.53 | 3.43 | 20.38 | 2.91 | 20.10 | 2.62 | 19.72 | 2.96 | 20.27 | 3.18 | 22.38 | 2.85 | 22.48 | 3.36 | 20.42 | 3.11 |
| C(FP)+6&14yo MBA | 17.01 | 0.00 | 18.73 | 0.00 | 18.00 | 0.00 | 17.96 | 0.00 | 17.30 | 0.00 | 17.67 | 0.00 | 20.04 | 0.00 | 19.73 | 0.00 | 17.88 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo MBA | 16.45 | 0.00 | 18.11 | 0.00 | 17.47 | 0.00 | 17.49 | 0.00 | 16.76 | 0.00 | 17.10 | 0.00 | 19.52 | 0.00 | 19.12 | 0.00 | 17.31 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo LC | 13.89 | 0.00 | 13.75 | 0.00 | 14.45 | 0.00 | 13.67 | 0.00 | 12.57 | 0.00 | 14.00 | 0.00 | 16.03 | 0.00 | 16.21 | 0.00 | 13.85 | 0.00 |
| 2 children (6 & 14 years old)-minimum | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+6&14yo MBA | 16.92 | 3.07 | 18.92 | 3.43 | 18.30 | 2.91 | 16.97 | 2.62 | 17.69 | 2.96 | 18.19 | 3.18 | 18.47 | 2.85 | 19.61 | 3.36 | 17.89 | 3.11 |
| C(FP)+6&14yo MBA | 14.40 | 0.00 | 16.12 | 0.00 | 15.91 | 0.00 | 14.83 | 0.00 | 15.27 | 0.00 | 15.59 | 0.00 | 16.13 | 0.00 | 16.86 | 0.00 | 15.35 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo MBA | 13.85 | 0.00 | 15.50 | 0.00 | 15.38 | 0.00 | 14.36 | 0.00 | 14.73 | 0.00 | 15.01 | 0.00 | 15.61 | 0.00 | 16.25 | 0.00 | 14.78 | 0.00 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo LC | 11.28 | 0.00 | 11.93 | 0.00 | 12.11 | 0.00 | 11.06 | 0.00 | 11.17 | 0.00 | 12.43 | 0.00 | 11.75 | 0.00 | 13.08 | 0.00 | 11.62 | 0.00 |
| 3 children (3, 6 & 14 years old) | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+3,6&14yo MBA | 34.97 | 14.60 | 38.31 | 16.30 | 35.11 | 13.87 | 33.80 | 12.45 | 34.74 | 14.09 | 36.11 | 15.11 | 37.03 | 13.58 | 39.04 | 15.99 | 35.98 | 14.78 |
| C(FP)+3,6&14yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | |||||||||
| C(FN)+3,6&14yo MBA | 20.92 | 0.56 | 22.63 | 0.62 | 21.77 | 0.53 | 21.83 | 0.47 | 21.18 | 0.54 | 21.58 | 0.57 | 23.97 | 0.52 | 23.66 | 0.61 | 21.76 | 0.56 |
| C(FN)+3,6&14yo LC | 17.24 | 0.00 | 17.08 | 0.00 | 17.66 | 0.00 | 16.97 | 0.00 | 15.90 | 0.00 | 17.34 | 0.00 | 19.44 | 0.00 | 19.58 | 0.00 | 17.17 | 0.00 |
| 4 children (3, 6, 10 & 14 years old) | ||||||||||||||||||
| C(FF)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | 44.69 | 17.65 | 48.33 | 19.69 | 44.41 | 16.76 | 42.97 | 15.05 | 44.29 | 17.03 | 45.93 | 18.27 | 46.56 | 16.41 | 49.05 | 19.32 | 45.67 | 17.87 |
| C(FP)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | |||||||||
| C(FN)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | 27.60 | 0.56 | 29.26 | 0.62 | 28.18 | 0.53 | 28.40 | 0.47 | 27.79 | 0.54 | 28.24 | 0.57 | 30.67 | 0.52 | 30.33 | 0.61 | 28.37 | 0.56 |
| C(FN)+3,6,10&14yo LC | 21.74 | 0.00 | 21.52 | 0.00 | 21.95 | 0.00 | 21.36 | 0.00 | 20.34 | 0.00 | 21.76 | 0.00 | 23.96 | 0.00 | 24.07 | 0.00 | 21.60 | 0.00 |
Table 4 presents the costs of two, three and four children in couple adult households as a percentage of household income. As expected, the percentage of household income increases with the number of children, from approximately 35 per cent of disposable income for two children, to approximately 44 per cent for three children and 50 per cent for four children. As with one child households, the presence of child care increases the percentage of household income spent on children.
Households living at the low cost living standard spend a greater proportion of their household income on children than modest but adequate families. Indeed, four-child families at the low cost level spend 47 per cent of their disposable income and 71 per cent of the taxable income on children. This is because such households supplement a small private income (on average, approximately $30,000 per annum) with significant government benefits (on average, approximately $21,000 per annum).
| Household type | Disposable income |
Taxable income | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With child care | No child care | With child care | No child care | |
| 2 children (6 & 14 years old) | ||||
| C(FF)+6&14yo MBA | 37.7 | 31.6 | 32.9 | 27.5 |
| C(FP)+6&14yo MBA | 33.7 | 33.7 | 29.6 | 29.6 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo MBA | 33.6 | 33.6 | 28.5 | 28.5 |
| C(FN)+6&14yo LC | 35.0 | 35.0 | 40.1 | 40.1 |
| 3 children (3, 6 & 14 years old) | ||||
| C(FF)+3,6&14yo MBA | 52.6 | 30.8 | 44.3 | 26.0 |
| C(FP)+3,6&14yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | ||
| C(FN)+3,6&14yo MBA | 40.0 | 39.0 | 37.7 | 36.7 |
| C(FN)+3,6&14yo LC | 41.5 | 41.5 | 56.9 | 56.9 |
| 4 children (3, 6, 10 & 14 years old) | ||||
| C(FF)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | 58.5 | 35.4 | 49.3 | 29.9 |
| C(FP)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | ||
| C(FN)+3,6,10&14yo MBA | 46.5 | 45.6 | 44.7 | 43.8 |
| C(FN)+3,6,10&14yo LC | 47.1 | 47.1 | 71.2 | 71.2 |
5.2 Costs of children in sole parent households
Table 5 presents the costs of raising a first (or only) child in sole parent households. Estimates are for when the sole parent has 100 per cent contact with their child. This enables comparison of costs with couple adult households.
| Household type | Sydney |
Melbourne |
Brisbane |
Adelaide |
Perth |
Hobart |
Darwin |
Canberra |
Weighted | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | Total costs | Child care | |
| 3 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| S(F)+3yo MBA | 16.65 | 11.53 | 19.81 | 12.87 | 17.97 | 10.95 | 15.67 | 9.83 | 17.24 | 11.13 | 18.35 | 11.94 | 17.64 | 10.72 | 20.15 | 12.63 | 17.86 | 12.63 |
| S(P)+3yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | |||||||||
| S(N)+3yo MBA | 4.67 | 0.56 | 6.55 | 0.62 | 6.55 | 0.53 | 5.31 | 0.47 | 5.64 | 0.54 | 5.98 | 0.57 | 6.44 | 0.52 | 7.13 | 0.61 | 5.74 | 0.56 |
| S(N)+3yo LC | 3.05 | 0.00 | 3.78 | 0.00 | 4.28 | 0.00 | 2.96 | 0.00 | 3.04 | 0.00 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 3.48 | 0.00 | 4.83 | 0.00 | 3.50 | 0.00 |
| 6 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| S(F)+6yo MBA | 9.27 | 3.20 | 11.42 | 3.57 | 10.98 | 3.04 | 9.51 | 2.73 | 10.13 | 3.09 | 10.65 | 3.31 | 10.80 | 2.98 | 11.95 | 3.50 | 10.36 | 3.24 |
| S(P)+6yo MBA | 7.25 | 0.56 | 9.09 | 0.62 | 9.04 | 0.53 | 7.75 | 0.47 | 8.15 | 0.54 | 8.46 | 0.58 | 8.85 | 0.52 | 9.63 | 0.61 | 8.28 | 0.56 |
| S(N)+6yo MBA | 6.37 | 0.00 | 8.14 | 0.00 | 8.19 | 0.00 | 6.94 | 0.00 | 7.31 | 0.00 | 7.61 | 0.00 | 8.08 | 0.00 | 8.74 | 0.00 | 7.39 | 0.00 |
| S(N)+6yo LC | 5.09 | 0.00 | 5.77 | 0.00 | 6.21 | 0.00 | 4.96 | 0.00 | 5.03 | 0.00 | 6.30 | 0.00 | 5.45 | 0.00 | 6.83 | 0.00 | 5.49 | 0.00 |
| 10 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| S(F)+10yo MBA | 10.67 | 3.20 | 12.78 | 3.57 | 12.32 | 3.04 | 10.87 | 2.73 | 11.51 | 3.09 | 12.02 | 3.31 | 12.19 | 2.98 | 13.34 | 3.50 | 11.73 | 3.24 |
| S(P)+10yo MBA | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | Not calculated | |||||||||
| S(N)+10yo MBA | 6.60 | 0.00 | 8.36 | 0.00 | 8.41 | 0.00 | 7.25 | 0.00 | 7.54 | 0.00 | 7.84 | 0.00 | 8.33 | 0.00 | 8.98 | 0.00 | 7.62 | 0.00 |
| S(N)+10yo LC | 5.35 | 0.00 | 6.02 | 0.00 | 6.47 | 0.00 | 5.19 | 0.00 | 5.28 | 0.00 | 6.54 | 0.00 | 5.73 | 0.00 | 7.10 | 0.00 | 5.75 | 0.00 |
| 14 year old | ||||||||||||||||||
| S(F)+14yo MBA | 9.57 | 0.00 | 11.25 | 0.00 | 11.25 | 0.00 | 10.14 | 0.00 | 10.48 | 0.00 | 10.71 | 0.00 | 11.27 | 0.00 | 11.91 | 0.00 | 10.54 | 0.00 |
| S(P)+14yo MBA | 9.57 | 0.00 | 11.25 | 0.00 | 11.25 | 0.00 | 10.14 | 0.00 | 10.48 | 0.00 | 10.71 | 0.00 | 11.27 | 0.00 | 11.91 | 0.00 | 10.54 | 0.00 |
| S(N)+14yo MBA | 8.57 | 0.00 | 10.25 | 0.00 | 10.25 | 0.00 | 9.14 | 0.00 | 9.48 | 0.00 | 9.71 | 0.00 | 10.27 | 0.00 | 10.91 | 0.00 | 9.54 | 0.00 |
| S(N)+14yo LC | 6.49 | 0.00 | 7.11 | 0.00 | 7.53 | 0.00 | 6.27 | 0.00 | 6.42 | 0.00 | 7.61 | 0.00 | 6.94 | 0.00 | 8.22 | 0.00 | 6.85 | 0.00 |
As with a child in a couple household, the costs of one child in a sole parent household generally increase with age, but this varies depending on the need for child care (which, in turn, depends on the labour market status of the parent and the child's age). For example, for a sole parent of a 3 year old at the modest but adequate living standard level, the costs of the child range from an average of $17,860 per annum when the parent is in full-time employment to $5,740 when the parent is not in the labour force but is a full-time carer. This is a significant difference of $12,630 per annum, due entirely to child care costs.
Sole parents at the low cost level face annual costs of a lower bound of $3,500 for raising a 3 year old to $6,850 for a 14 year old. For a similar modest but adequate sole parent (that is a full-time carer), costs range from $5,740 per annum to $9,540 respectively.
Compared with couple adult households, sole parents face different circumstances and expenditure concerns. Much previous research supports the finding that sole parents face greater expenditure costs when raising children, relative to couple adult households (Whiteford 1991). This results from greater needs for child care and respite, and the need to purchase household services that support one adult as they raise their children. Australian budget standards research found that this occurs for modest but adequate households (where the parent is assumed to be employed) but not for low cost households (where the parent is assumed to be a full-time carer). This is because low-income sole parents can access a large range of substantial savings using their pension card attached to receipt of Parenting Payment Partnered. This saving is worth about $1,500 per annum.
For example, the costs of a 3 year-old child at the low cost living standard for a couple (one parent working full-time and the other not in the labour force) are $4,910 per annum, whereas for the low cost sole parent (not in the labour force) they are $3,500.
Table 5 also shows that at the modest but adequate level the costs of a child decrease when the parent moves from part-time employment to no employment. For example, a 6 year-old child costs $8,280 per annum for the former parent, but $7,390 per annum for the latter. While child care costs of $560 explain some of this difference, the rest results from access to pensioner concession cards accompanying receipt of Parenting Payment Single.
5.3 Cost of contact
The above consideration of costs of children in separated families only relates to the situation when one parent has 100 per cent contact. However, in many situations both parents have contact with the child, even if the level of contact is significantly uneven.
Previous research shows that non-resident parents exercising regular contact with the child (15 to 30 per cent) face considerable costs for caring for the child, well in excess of the proportion of care exercised (Henman & Mitchell 2001). In particular, a non-resident parent with 20 per cent contact faces more than 20 per cent of the costs of the child when they are cared for 100 per cent of the time in either a sole parent or a couple parent household. These disproportionate costs result from costs in providing basic infrastructure for the child (such as a bedroom, some clothes and toys) as well as communication and transportation costs in coordinating and undertaking contact.
| Household and contact level | Sydney | Melbourne | Brisbane | Adelaide | Perth | Hobart | Darwin | Canberra | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cost of child-Post separation-Modest but adequate living standard level-Both parents work full-time | |||||||||
| Resident parent (100%) | 9.27 | 11.42 | 10.98 | 9.51 | 10.13 | 10.65 | 10.80 | 11.95 | 10.36 |
| Resident parent (80%) | 9.13 | 11.28 | 10.83 | 9.39 | 9.98 | 10.51 | 10.64 | 11.80 | 10.21 |
| Non-resident parent (20%) | 2.87 | 4.67 | 4.86 | 3.65 | 3.88 | 4.16 | 4.63 | 5.21 | 3.95 |
| Total (80%/20%) | 12.00 | 15.95 | 15.70 | 13.04 | 13.86 | 14.67 | 15.26 | 17.01 | 14.17 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 6.42 | 8.42 | 8.24 | 6.97 | 7.35 | 7.78 | 8.06 | 8.94 | 7.51 |
| Non-resident parent (50%) | 6.33 | 8.28 | 8.16 | 6.82 | 7.25 | 7.64 | 7.96 | 8.80 | 7.40 |
| Total (50%/50%) | 12.74 | 16.70 | 16.40 | 13.79 | 14.60 | 15.43 | 16.02 | 17.74 | 14.91 |
| Cost of child-Post separation-Low cost living standard level-Resident parent not in the labour force; non-resident parent employed | |||||||||
| Resident parent (100%) | 5.09 | 5.77 | 6.21 | 4.96 | 5.03 | 6.30 | 5.45 | 6.83 | 5.49 |
| Resident parent (80%) | 5.05 | 5.74 | 6.17 | 4.95 | 4.99 | 6.28 | 5.40 | 6.78 | 5.46 |
| Non-resident parent (20%) | 2.85 | 3.63 | 4.09 | 2.85 | 2.83 | 4.15 | 3.20 | 4.63 | 3.32 |
| Total (80%/20%) | 7.90 | 9.37 | 10.26 | 7.80 | 7.82 | 10.43 | 8.60 | 11.41 | 8.78 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 4.36 | 5.09 | 5.52 | 4.31 | 4.32 | 5.62 | 4.71 | 6.10 | 4.79 |
| Non-resident parent (50%) | 4.40 | 5.15 | 5.56 | 4.36 | 4.36 | 5.68 | 4.76 | 6.16 | 4.84 |
| Total (50%/50%) | 8.76 | 10.23 | 11.08 | 8.67 | 8.68 | 11.31 | 9.47 | 12.25 | 9.64 |
The research reported in this report updates and extends this previous research to calculate the costs for the resident parent who has 80 per cent contact and the non-resident parent who has 20 per cent contact. It also provides data on costs in a shared care situation, that is, when both parents exercise 50 per cent contact. Table 6 reports these results for a 6 year old who (a) spends 100 per cent of time with the resident parent; (b) spends 80 per cent of time with the resident parent and 20 per cent with the non-resident parent; and (c) spends 50 per cent of time in both parents' households.
The assumption is that when the child spends 20 per cent of their time with their non-resident parent, it is on weekends and during school holidays coinciding with that parent's annual holidays. Thus, the non-resident parent is assumed to not incur child care costs, whereas travel costs for transporting the child between households is assumed to be equally shared between the two parents. Everyday costs, such as food, were allocated at 20 per cent of normal costs. For other items (such as clothing, footwear, toys, and personal care items) compared with the wardrobe and toy-box a child would have in their primary residence, a smaller wardrobe and toy box is allocated for the use of children in the non-resident parents home. This means some items are available in both households without transporting them every time. A more complete description of how costs are distributed and calculated is found in Henman and Mitchell (2001).
The costs for caring for a child for resident parents with 80 per cent contact are derived relative to both a resident parent with 100 per cent contact and a non-resident parent with 80 per cent contact. Housing, energy, clothing and footwear, child care, leisure, and personal care are taken to be equal to the costs a resident parent incurs with 100 per cent contact. Food is assumed to be 80 per cent of the costs a resident parent incurs with 100 per cent contact. Household goods and services, which include hundreds of items from furniture to dish washing detergent, are taken to be 90 per cent of normal costs. Health care costs (and also food) are the difference between a resident parent with 100 per cent contact, and a non-resident parent with 80 per cent contact. Transport costs are 100 per cent of the costs of a resident parent with 100 per cent contact plus the costs non-resident parents face for 20 per cent contact. This recognises the increased costs of transportation between households.
However, when evenly split shared care occurs-that is, when the child spends 50 per cent in each parent's household-then child care and many other costs are assumed to be shared equally. This includes food, child care and health care. This, of course, is not the case for replicated and infrastructure costs, which have to be spent in both households. So, clothing and footwear, and leisure costs are 75 per cent of the costs for 100 per cent contact for each household, and household goods and services, and personal care costs are 60 per cent. For each parent, transport costs are derived by splitting the normal costs for 100 per cent contact, and adding in costs for a non-resident parent with 20 per cent contact (that is, transport coordination costs of the child).
The top half of Table 6 presents the results for households living at a modest but adequate living standard, where both parents work full-time. Thus the weighted capital city average cost of care for a 6 year old for a sole parent with 100 per cent contact is $10,360 per annum. This figure is also presented in Table 5. However, when this parent has 80 per cent contact, the average cost to the resident parent in caring for that child drops slightly, to $10,210. Thus, a 20 per cent decrease in contact does not result in a 20 per cent decrease in the cost to the resident parent. Indeed, a resident parent with 80 per cent contact incurs, on average, 99 per cent of the costs faced by a resident parent with 100 per cent contact (Table 7).
| Household and contact level | Sydney | Melbourne | Brisbane | Adelaide | Perth | Hobart | Darwin | Canberra | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modest but adequate-Both parents work full-time | |||||||||
| Resident parent (80%) | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Non-res parent (20%) | 31 | 41 | 44 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 43 | 44 | 38 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 69 | 74 | 75 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 75 | 75 | 72 |
| Non-res parent (50%) | 68 | 73 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 71 |
| Low cost-Resident parent not in the labour force, non-resident parent employed | |||||||||
| Resident parent (80%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Non-res parent (20%) | 56 | 63 | 66 | 57 | 56 | 66 | 59 | 68 | 60 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 86 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 89 | 86 | 89 | 87 |
| Non-res parent (50%) | 87 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 87 | 90 | 87 | 90 | 88 |
Looking at the other side of the equation, the non-resident parent (at modest but adequate living standard level, working full-time) with 20 per cent contact with a 6 year old has average costs of $3,950 per annum. While this is significantly less than the costs the resident parent faces, it is still disproportionate to the time (20 per cent) spent with the child. Thus, Table 7 shows that the non-resident parent faces 38 per cent of the costs of the child in 100 per cent care with a sole parent. All up, in this separated household, the total costs of this child are, on average, $14,170 per annum (see Table 6), or 37 per cent more than the total costs of raising the child completely in a single household.
Looking at the equivalent low cost household, the resident parent with 100 per cent contact incurs substantially less costs (due to a lower living standard and no child care costs) of $5,490 per annum. When regular contact occurs, the resident parent's costs again decline by 1 per cent to $5,460 per annum while the non-resident parent faces average costs of $3,320 per annum, or a high 60 per cent of the costs of raising a child in one household. The total costs across the two households are $8,780 per annum; 59 per cent greater than the costs of raising the child in one household.
These results dramatically demonstrate that when contact occurs, the total costs of raising a child significantly increase. This is no zero-sum gain. This is because of the need to duplicate household infrastructure to support the care of the child in two households rather than in one.
This is also evident in the case of shared care. Table 6 shows that while costs are relatively equally distributed between both parents, the costs borne by each parent with 50 per cent contact represents around 71 per cent of the cost borne when 100 per cent contact is exercised for modest but adequate households, and 87 per cent in low cost households. Thus, when equal contact occurs, the overall costs increase by 43 per cent for modest but adequate households and 75 per cent for low cost households, relative to raising a child 100 per cent in one household.
| Household and contact level | Sydney | Melbourne | Brisbane | Adelaide | Perth | Hobart | Darwin | Canberra | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modest but adequate-Both parents work full-time | |||||||||
| Resident parent (80%) | 76 | 71 | 69 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 69 | 72 |
| Non-res parent (20%) | 24 | 29 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 31 | 28 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Non-res parent (50%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Low cost-Resident parent not in the labour force, non-resident parent employed | |||||||||
| Resident parent (80%) | 64 | 61 | 60 | 63 | 64 | 60 | 63 | 59 | 62 |
| Non-res parent (20%) | 36 | 39 | 40 | 37 | 36 | 40 | 37 | 41 | 38 |
| Resident parent (50%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Non-res parent (50%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Finally, it is helpful to consider how extra costs are distributed among the two parents. Table 8 presents this data. It shows that although a resident parent with 80 per cent contact faces a similar cost to a parent with 100 per cent contact, that parent only incurs between 62 per cent and 72 per cent of the total costs, depending on their living standard level. Accordingly, the non-resident parent with 20 per cent contact incurs between 28 per cent and 38 per cent of the total costs of raising the child in both households.
As would be expected when contact is evenly split, both parents face 50 per cent of the total costs of raising the child in both households.
Appendix
In the tables in this appendix the following notes apply:
S = single woman
Sm = single man
C = couple
AS = aged single
AC = aged couple
N = not in the labour force
P = employed part-time
F = employed full-time
U = unemployed
g3 = girl 3 years old
g6 = girl 6 years old
b10 = boy 10 years old
b14 = boy 14 years old
+2 = 2 children (g6b14)
+3 = 3 children (g3g6b14)
+4 = 4 children (g3g6b10b14)
Pri = private renter
(g6) = 20 per cent contact with girl 6 years old
(+2) = 20% contact with 2 children (g6b14) [if not in brackets, then 100 per cent contact]
Own = fully own home
M = modest but adequate living standard
L = low cost living standard.
Unless otherwise stated, non-aged adults at the modest but adequate living standard level are assumed to work full-time. For low cost, unless otherwise stated, non-aged adults are assumed to be unemployed, with the exception of mothers who are assumed not to be in the labour force as full-time carers.
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 12.32 | 0.48 | 3.35 | 1.35 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 4.63 | 1.56 | 1.40 | 27.05 |
| S(N) Pri | 12.32 | 0.48 | 3.30 | 1.01 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 3.91 | 2.23 | 1.17 | 26.38 |
| C Pri | 12.32 | 0.65 | 7.34 | 2.37 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 5.21 | 2.37 | 2.00 | 35.01 |
| C+2 Pri | 16.03 | 0.94 | 12.90 | 4.04 | 4.28 | 3.07 | 1.01 | 5.56 | 4.28 | 2.42 | 54.54 |
| S+g6 Pri | 13.37 | 0.62 | 5.41 | 2.12 | 2.32 | 3.20 | 0.45 | 4.76 | 2.55 | 1.52 | 36.32 |
| S(N)+g6 Pri | 13.37 | 0.51 | 5.36 | 1.78 | 2.30 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 4.02 | 3.22 | 1.29 | 32.75 |
| AS Own | 3.20 | 0.53 | 3.11 | 0.80 | 2.54 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 3.41 | 2.37 | 1.01 | 17.52 |
| AC Own | 3.30 | 0.63 | 6.29 | 1.38 | 2.69 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 3.43 | 3.95 | 1.60 | 24.31 |
| C(FF)+g6 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 9.40 | 3.15 | 2.74 | 3.07 | 0.86 | 5.37 | 3.13 | 2.12 | 44.04 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 9.36 | 2.81 | 2.74 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 5.38 | 3.82 | 1.89 | 41.04 |
| C(FP)+g6 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 9.36 | 3.15 | 2.74 | 0.56 | 0.86 | 6.21 | 3.55 | 1.97 | 42.59 |
| C+b14 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 10.84 | 3.27 | 3.59 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 5.39 | 3.91 | 2.30 | 44.33 |
| C+g3 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 8.99 | 3.05 | 2.63 | 11.53 | 0.85 | 5.40 | 2.64 | 2.11 | 51.41 |
| C+3 Pri | 16.03 | 1.05 | 14.55 | 4.72 | 4.68 | 14.60 | 1.18 | 6.13 | 4.52 | 2.51 | 69.98 |
| C+4 Pri | 16.03 | 1.17 | 17.30 | 5.54 | 5.68 | 17.65 | 1.33 | 7.41 | 4.96 | 2.64 | 79.71 |
| S+2 Pri | 16.01 | 0.76 | 8.16 | 2.94 | 3.67 | 6.38 | 0.61 | 4.94 | 3.08 | 1.65 | 48.18 |
| C+b10 Pri | 13.40 | 0.80 | 10.09 | 3.19 | 3.34 | 3.07 | 0.83 | 5.35 | 3.23 | 2.15 | 45.43 |
| Sm Pri | 12.32 | 0.48 | 3.99 | 1.02 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 4.62 | 1.84 | 0.62 | 26.99 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 13.37 | 0.53 | 4.40 | 1.25 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 4.95 | 2.42 | 0.65 | 29.86 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 15.97 | 0.58 | 5.10 | 1.56 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 4.97 | 2.67 | 0.69 | 34.07 |
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 9.20 | 0.45 | 2.58 | 1.02 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 3.13 | 1.02 | 0.43 | 19.39 |
| S(N) Pri | 9.20 | 0.45 | 2.58 | 0.79 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 2.91 | 1.02 | 0.41 | 18.91 |
| C Pri | 9.20 | 0.59 | 5.65 | 1.79 | 1.68 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 3.30 | 1.42 | 0.76 | 24.85 |
| C+2 Pri | 13.37 | 0.82 | 10.01 | 3.12 | 3.31 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 3.76 | 2.22 | 0.98 | 38.31 |
| S+g6 Pri | 10.76 | 0.45 | 4.20 | 1.50 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 3.03 | 1.43 | 0.48 | 24.00 |
| AS Own | 3.20 | 0.50 | 2.47 | 0.73 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 2.40 | 1.37 | 0.34 | 13.58 |
| AC Own | 3.29 | 0.57 | 5.01 | 1.23 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 2.44 | 2.55 | 0.65 | 18.67 |
| C(UN)+g6 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 7.27 | 2.27 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 3.59 | 1.83 | 0.80 | 30.01 |
| C(UU)+g6 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 7.27 | 2.50 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 3.77 | 1.83 | 0.83 | 30.44 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 7.39 | 2.31 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 4.35 | 1.83 | 0.80 | 30.92 |
| C(FU)+g6 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 7.39 | 2.54 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 4.57 | 1.83 | 0.83 | 31.40 |
| C+b14 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 8.40 | 2.40 | 2.86 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 3.30 | 1.97 | 0.91 | 31.89 |
| C+g3 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 6.92 | 2.15 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 3.31 | 1.55 | 0.81 | 28.88 |
| C+3 Pri | 13.40 | 0.90 | 11.29 | 3.71 | 3.69 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 4.49 | 2.32 | 1.03 | 41.66 |
| C+4 Pri | 13.40 | 0.99 | 13.40 | 4.44 | 4.39 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 4.81 | 2.65 | 1.11 | 46.15 |
| S+2 Pri | 13.37 | 0.56 | 6.32 | 2.23 | 2.79 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 3.16 | 1.80 | 0.56 | 31.24 |
| C+b10 Pri | 10.76 | 0.71 | 7.76 | 2.29 | 2.62 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 3.25 | 1.92 | 0.83 | 30.74 |
| Sm(F) Pri | 9.20 | 0.45 | 3.18 | 0.81 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 3.57 | 1.23 | 0.34 | 20.40 |
| Sm(U) Pri | 9.20 | 0.45 | 3.06 | 0.77 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 3.06 | 1.23 | 0.34 | 19.73 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 10.76 | 0.49 | 3.39 | 0.97 | 1.49 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.41 | 1.44 | 0.36 | 22.58 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 13.37 | 0.53 | 3.94 | 1.26 | 1.70 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.43 | 1.62 | 0.38 | 26.51 |
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.27 | 1.30 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 4.67 | 1.49 | 1.36 | 23.15 |
| S(N) Pri | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.23 | 0.97 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.95 | 2.12 | 1.14 | 22.48 |
| C Pri | 8.41 | 1.01 | 7.15 | 2.28 | 2.02 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 5.24 | 2.26 | 1.93 | 30.99 |
| C+2 Pri | 13.94 | 1.45 | 12.61 | 3.89 | 4.18 | 3.43 | 1.02 | 5.59 | 4.09 | 2.33 | 52.53 |
| S+g6 Pri | 11.28 | 0.96 | 5.30 | 2.04 | 2.26 | 3.57 | 0.46 | 4.80 | 2.44 | 1.47 | 34.57 |
| S(N)+g6 Pri | 11.28 | 0.79 | 5.26 | 1.71 | 2.25 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 4.05 | 3.07 | 1.25 | 30.62 |
| AS Own | 3.43 | 0.82 | 3.03 | 0.77 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 3.44 | 2.26 | 0.99 | 17.78 |
| AC Own | 3.53 | 0.98 | 6.11 | 1.33 | 2.63 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 3.46 | 3.77 | 1.56 | 24.41 |
| C(FF)+g6 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 9.18 | 3.03 | 2.67 | 3.43 | 0.87 | 5.41 | 2.99 | 2.04 | 42.16 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 9.14 | 2.70 | 2.67 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 5.42 | 3.64 | 1.83 | 38.81 |
| C(FP)+g6 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 9.14 | 3.03 | 2.67 | 0.62 | 0.87 | 6.27 | 3.39 | 1.90 | 40.43 |
| C+b14 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 10.58 | 3.14 | 3.51 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 5.43 | 3.73 | 2.22 | 41.99 |
| C+g3 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 8.78 | 2.94 | 2.57 | 12.87 | 0.86 | 5.44 | 2.52 | 2.03 | 50.55 |
| C+3 Pri | 13.94 | 1.63 | 14.23 | 4.54 | 4.56 | 16.30 | 1.19 | 6.18 | 4.31 | 2.42 | 69.30 |
| C+4 Pri | 13.94 | 1.81 | 16.94 | 5.32 | 5.55 | 19.69 | 1.34 | 7.46 | 4.74 | 2.54 | 79.33 |
| S+2 Pri | 13.91 | 1.18 | 8.01 | 2.82 | 3.58 | 7.11 | 0.61 | 4.98 | 2.94 | 1.59 | 46.73 |
| C+b10 Pri | 11.31 | 1.23 | 9.86 | 3.06 | 3.26 | 3.43 | 0.84 | 5.39 | 3.08 | 2.07 | 43.53 |
| Sm Pri | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.88 | 0.99 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 4.65 | 1.75 | 0.60 | 23.08 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 11.28 | 0.81 | 4.29 | 1.20 | 1.82 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 4.99 | 2.31 | 0.62 | 27.75 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 13.88 | 0.89 | 4.97 | 1.50 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 5.01 | 2.55 | 0.66 | 31.95 |
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 7.63 | 0.69 | 2.50 | 0.98 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 3.16 | 0.97 | 0.42 | 17.87 |
| S(N) Pri | 7.63 | 0.69 | 2.50 | 0.76 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 2.94 | 0.97 | 0.40 | 17.40 |
| C Pri | 7.63 | 0.92 | 5.44 | 1.72 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 3.32 | 1.35 | 0.73 | 23.22 |
| C+2 Pri | 11.80 | 1.27 | 9.69 | 3.00 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 3.78 | 2.12 | 0.94 | 36.55 |
| S+g6 Pri | 9.97 | 0.70 | 4.09 | 1.44 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 3.05 | 1.36 | 0.46 | 23.18 |
| AS Own | 3.43 | 0.77 | 2.38 | 0.70 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 2.42 | 1.31 | 0.33 | 13.86 |
| AC Own | 3.52 | 0.88 | 4.82 | 1.19 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 2.46 | 2.43 | 0.62 | 18.81 |
| C(UN)+g6 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 7.03 | 2.18 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 3.62 | 1.75 | 0.77 | 29.14 |
| C(UU)+g6 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 7.03 | 2.40 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 3.79 | 1.75 | 0.79 | 29.56 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 7.15 | 2.22 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 4.38 | 1.75 | 0.77 | 30.06 |
| C(FU)+g6 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 7.15 | 2.44 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 4.61 | 1.75 | 0.79 | 30.53 |
| C+b14 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 8.10 | 2.31 | 2.79 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 3.32 | 1.88 | 0.87 | 30.93 |
| C+g3 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 6.68 | 2.07 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 3.33 | 1.48 | 0.77 | 28.03 |
| C+3 Pri | 11.83 | 1.40 | 10.93 | 3.57 | 3.60 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 4.52 | 2.21 | 0.99 | 39.88 |
| C+4 Pri | 11.83 | 1.53 | 13.00 | 4.27 | 4.28 | 0.00 | 0.96 | 4.84 | 2.53 | 1.07 | 44.31 |
| S+2 Pri | 11.80 | 0.87 | 6.16 | 2.15 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 3.17 | 1.71 | 0.54 | 29.58 |
| C+b10 Pri | 9.97 | 1.09 | 7.51 | 2.20 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 3.28 | 1.83 | 0.80 | 29.84 |
| Sm(F) Pri | 7.63 | 0.69 | 3.06 | 0.78 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 3.59 | 1.17 | 0.33 | 18.84 |
| Sm(U) Pri | 7.63 | 0.69 | 2.94 | 0.74 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 3.08 | 1.17 | 0.33 | 18.17 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 9.97 | 0.76 | 3.26 | 0.93 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.43 | 1.38 | 0.34 | 21.80 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 11.80 | 0.83 | 3.79 | 1.21 | 1.66 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 3.45 | 1.54 | 0.36 | 24.93 |
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 7.70 | 0.45 | 3.19 | 1.25 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 4.52 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 21.92 |
| S(N) Pri | 7.70 | 0.45 | 3.14 | 0.93 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.84 | 2.09 | 1.17 | 21.28 |
| C Pri | 7.70 | 0.61 | 7.01 | 2.19 | 2.04 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 5.07 | 2.23 | 2.00 | 29.56 |
| C+2 Pri | 12.98 | 0.88 | 12.31 | 3.74 | 4.23 | 2.91 | 1.05 | 5.40 | 4.03 | 2.42 | 49.95 |
| S+g6 Pri | 10.83 | 0.58 | 5.16 | 1.96 | 2.29 | 3.04 | 0.47 | 4.64 | 2.40 | 1.52 | 32.90 |
| S(N)+g6 Pri | 10.83 | 0.48 | 5.12 | 1.65 | 2.28 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 3.93 | 3.03 | 1.29 | 29.47 |
| AS Own | 3.43 | 0.50 | 2.95 | 0.74 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 3.35 | 2.23 | 1.01 | 17.28 |
| AC Own | 3.55 | 0.59 | 5.96 | 1.28 | 2.65 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 3.37 | 3.71 | 1.60 | 23.80 |
| C(FF)+g6 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 8.99 | 2.91 | 2.71 | 2.91 | 0.90 | 5.23 | 2.94 | 2.12 | 40.32 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 8.94 | 2.60 | 2.71 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 5.26 | 3.59 | 1.89 | 37.50 |
| C(FP)+g6 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 8.95 | 2.91 | 2.71 | 0.53 | 0.90 | 6.08 | 3.34 | 1.96 | 38.99 |
| C+b14 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 10.33 | 3.02 | 3.55 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 5.24 | 3.68 | 2.30 | 40.60 |
| C+g3 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 8.59 | 2.82 | 2.61 | 10.95 | 0.89 | 5.26 | 2.49 | 2.11 | 47.32 |
| C+3 Pri | 12.98 | 0.99 | 13.88 | 4.37 | 4.62 | 13.87 | 1.23 | 5.98 | 4.25 | 2.51 | 64.67 |
| C+4 Pri | 12.98 | 1.10 | 16.51 | 5.12 | 5.61 | 16.76 | 1.38 | 7.21 | 4.67 | 2.64 | 73.97 |
| S+2 Pri | 12.95 | 0.71 | 7.80 | 2.72 | 3.62 | 6.05 | 0.63 | 4.82 | 2.89 | 1.65 | 43.84 |
| C+b10 Pri | 10.86 | 0.75 | 9.65 | 2.95 | 3.30 | 2.91 | 0.86 | 5.20 | 3.04 | 2.15 | 41.67 |
| Sm Pri | 7.70 | 0.45 | 3.83 | 0.95 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 4.50 | 1.73 | 0.62 | 21.87 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 10.83 | 0.49 | 4.22 | 1.15 | 1.84 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 4.82 | 2.28 | 0.65 | 26.73 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 12.91 | 0.54 | 4.88 | 1.45 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 4.84 | 2.51 | 0.69 | 30.34 |
| Family type | Commodity group |
Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing | Energy | Food | Clothing | Household goods & services |
Child care |
Health | Transport | Leisure | Personal care | ||
| S Pri | 6.65 | 0.42 | 2.43 | 0.94 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 3.05 | 0.96 | 0.43 | 16.43 |
| S(N) Pri | 6.65 | 0.42 | 2.43 | 0.73 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 2.84 | 0.96 | 0.41 | 15.99 |
| C Pri | 6.65 | 0.56 | 5.33 | 1.65 | 1.66 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 3.21 | 1.33 | 0.76 | 21.64 |
| C+2 Pri | 11.87 | 0.77 | 9.44 | 2.88 | 3.27 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 3.65 | 2.09 | 0.98 | 35.69 |
| S+g6 Pri | 9.52 | 0.42 | 3.97 | 1.39 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 2.94 | 1.34 | 0.48 | 22.20 |
| AS Own | 3.43 | 0.47 | 2.31 | 0.68 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 2.34 | 1.29 | 0.34 | 13.41 |
| AC Own | 3.53 | 0.54 | 4.69 | 1.14 | 2.05 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 2.39 | 2.40 | 0.65 | 18.27 |
| C(UN)+g6 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 6.87 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 3.49 | 1.72 | 0.81 | 27.94 |
| C(UU)+g6 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 6.87 | 2.31 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 3.66 | 1.72 | 0.83 | 28.35 |
| C(FN)+g6 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 6.99 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 4.24 | 1.72 | 0.81 | 28.85 |
| C(FU)+g6 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 6.99 | 2.35 | 2.14 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 4.45 | 1.72 | 0.83 | 29.30 |
| C+b14 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 7.90 | 2.22 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 3.21 | 1.85 | 0.91 | 29.71 |
| C+g3 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 6.53 | 1.99 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 3.22 | 1.46 | 0.81 | 26.86 |
| C+3 Pri | 11.91 | 0.85 | 10.64 | 3.43 | 3.64 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 4.35 | 2.18 | 1.04 | 38.89 |
| C+4 Pri | 11.91 | 0.93 | 12.65 | 4.11 | 4.33 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 4.66 | 2.50 | 1.12 | 43.19 |
| S+2 Pri | 11.87 | 0.53 | 5.98 | 2.07 | 2.75 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 3.06 | 1.69 | 0.56 | 28.98 |
| C+b10 Pri | 9.52 | 0.66 | 7.34 | 2.12 | 2.58 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 3.17 | 1.81 | 0.83 | 28.65 |
| Sm(F) Pri | 6.65 | 0.42 | 3.02 | 0.75 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 3.46 | 1.16 | 0.34 | 17.42 |
| Sm(U) Pri | 6.65 | 0.42 | 2.90 | 0.71 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 2.98 | 1.16 | 0.34 | 16.78 |
| Sm Pri (g6) | 9.52 | 0.46 | 3.21 | 0.89 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 3.31 | 1.36 | 0.36 | 20.87 |
| Sm Pri (+2) | 11.87 | 0.50 | 3.72 | 1.17 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 3.33 | 1.52 | 0.38 | 24.46 |